New Year's Resolutions for the Pharmacist

Most of the time, the New Year ushers in thoughts of dropping 15-20 lbs and signing up for a few road races.  No, not to race, but just to finish.  This year, I have been much more introspective thinking about life and career and all the above.  Maybe some of these pharmacy related resolutions will be similar to yours.

  1. Begin studying for another certification.  I am heavily learning toward the BCNSP.  I am in no hurry because quite honestly, there is no reason professionally to obtain.  I would just accomplish something that has interested me in the past.  I used to work for a home infusion company and there was a pharmacist (JB) who was quite fabulous.  I am sure he still is today, but I noticed he has this designation and is probably running circles around most in the area when it comes to nutrition.  It is quite an in-depth topic from enteral to parenteral nutrition, and I am predicting another 1-2 year study.  I have purchased the material and have started though not nearly as much gusto as the BCPS so far.  If you are not certified, consider it.  IT MATTERS.
  2. Stop worrying about what other pharmacists think about you.  You cannot live your professional life trying to beat out or outsmart the guy/gal next to you.  Yes, you may be in fact more qualified and more experienced, but you cannot control how a company decides to utilize your experience or knowledge.  Perhaps a position in a different area will open up and any type of learning on the side you have pursued will open doors!?  Sometimes it is just timing and sometimes just sheer luck.  In the meantime, focus on being a better pharmacist.  Focus on remaining competitive and the go-to person for all things current.  If you keep up with the current practice and move forward, the people who win are your patients.
  3. Look to the future.  Prepare for the future so that when it happens, you will be ready to step right into the role without any problems.

Those are my resolutions for pharmacy this year.  I hope 2014 holds many wonderful things for you in your career whether it is pursuing a board certification or attending an update to begin the process to do more for your patients than last year.

Cheers!

The Study Schedule I Used in 2013

I have received many requests about how I studied for the exam, and I wanted to share what I did.  I utilized the same sort of format that Ted Williams' website mentions.  His website, though dated material, still has the outline I'd focus on (with ACCP) and High Yield Med Reviews perhaps if you need more in-depth material to understand the topics better (depending on your level of expertise and day-to-day work).

• Domain 1: Patient-specific Pharmacotherapy (60% of the examination) • Domain 2: Retrieval, generation, interpretation and dissemination of knowledge in pharmacotherapy (25% of the examination) • Domain 3: Systems and Population-based Pharmacotherapy (15% of the examination)

  • Week 1:  Statistics - know statistics VERY well.  I spent a lot of time on statistics outside of this first week, but every year I'd start again WITH statistics and end with statistics.  In the beginning, I hated statistics.  Today, I love it.  I guess repeated exposure grows on you.
  • Week 2:  Pediatrics
  • Week 3:  Geriatrics
  • Week 4:  Kinetics
  • Week 5: Neurology
  • Week 6: Psychiatry
  • Week 7:  Fluids, Electrolytes, and Nutrition
  • Week 8: Acute and Critical Care
  • Week 9:  Regs, Policy/Practice, Pharmacoeconomics
  • Week 10:  Endocrine
  • Week 11:  ID
  • Week 12:  HIV/ID
  • Week 13:  Men/Women's Health
  • Week 14 and 15:  Outpatient Cardiology
  • Week 16:  Ambulatory Care
  • Week 17:  GI
  • Week 18:  Nephrology
  • Week 19:  Oncology
  • Week 20:  Biostats Refresh, Clinical Trial Design, Pharmacoeconomics, Policy/Practice, Economic/Humanistic Outcomes
  • Week 21:  Peds, Geriatrics, Kinetics
  • Week 22:  Neurology, Psych, Fluids, Elytes/Nutrition
  • Week 23:  Acute Care/Critical Care
  • Week 24:  ID, HIV, Endocrine
  • Week 25:

    Amb Care, Outpt Cards, M/W Health

  • Week 26:  G

    I, Nephrology, Oncology

  • Week 27:

    Biostats Refresh/Applications, Clinical Trial Design, Policy/Practice,

    Economic/Humanistic Outcomes

  • Week 28:  Peds, Geriatrics, Kinetics
  • Week 29:

    Neurology, Psychiatry, Fluids, Elytes & Nutrition

  • Week 30:

    Acute Care Cards 1 and 2, Critical Care 1 and 2

  • Week 31:

    ID, HIV/ID, Endocrine

  • Week 32:

    Amb Care, Outpt Cards, M/W Health

  • Week 33:  GI, Neph, Oncology
  • Week 34:  Review all
  • Week 35:  Review all

This is basically how I tackled it each time.  Pace yourself to cover the material and try to make 3 loops, even 4 if possible through all of the material.

This book is good for statistics.

High Yield Med Review is good for in-depth lectures and study material.  Cheaper than ACCP too, I believe.

ACCP - hands down, the best bang for your buck as far as study materials -- succinct and up-to-date.  This link is for 2013.  Sometimes people sell theirs.  Student Doctor Forum has those selling.

ASHP has great material as well.  In fact I used them for the Pharmacoeconomic section and in hindsight wish I had researched them a bit more for test prep.

 

Hope this helps someone.

By the way, we had our educational walk-through with a representative of JCAHO, and he mentioned three times about how important board certification was.  Our facility only has two practicing pharmacists that are board certified (including me).  There are two in management who have it.  Other than that, I hope more will attempt.

 

Why Should You Become Board Certified?

m-btn-findbcpI enjoy brainstorming with other pharmacists and asking them their opinions on becoming board certified.  I remember back in 1998-1999, the assistant dean of my alma mater, University of Tennessee at Memphis stressed how important it was for us to consider residency and board certification.  At the time, I was a 25-26 year old making decisions that would impact me for life.  You see, I decided back then to decline that path.  I only saw the dollars that were before me and the student loan debt piling up.  I quipped, "Why would I want to work for half-pay or less for a whole year?" Why?  Hindsight is 20/20.  Fast forward to a 40 year-old in the profession for over 14 years experiencing all sorts of different experiences, and after trying most, I have a couple of regrets as far as my tenure in pharmacy school.  I regret not doing a rotation overseas.  I regret not doing an residency.  I regret that I dismissed more learning inferior to money.

I know not everyone feels like me, and that is understandable.  Perhaps I am just a different sort who becomes stir-crazy when bored.  Whatever the reason, I decided to pursue BCPS last year.  I missed it barely the first time and immediately jumped back up and started studying again.  I work in a small community setting in a smaller city and though it is nothing like Memphis was in terms of clinical opportunities, these opportunities can be found with a little thought.  Passing the test was probably up there with other accomplishments in life - like the time I finished my first marathon (26.2 mile run) in 2002.  Victory!

Why should you become board certified?

  1. BPS website quotes:  "From patient to provider, the value of the BPS-certified practitioner registers throughout the health care continuum. For pharmacy professionals, documentation of specialized experience and skills yields the additional benefits of personal satisfaction, financial rewards and career advancement."  I definitely agree with most of this though most I have talked with did not receive a raise unless they changed jobs.  In the past where BCPS maybe helped with landing a clinical job, today it may be the thing to separate you from a PharmD without BCPS.
  2. If you have been out of school for over four to five years, you can be sure you have already forgotten some of what you have learned and have not learned new material being presented to new graduates.  You can depend on your local hospitals' computer system to remind you of every little thing (trusting those that program such systems) OR you can take charge of what you know and remain committed to being the best you can be.  Think of it like this, if you work in a hospital and you are commanding larger salaries than new graduates with fresher knowledge, there comes a point where you are replaceable.  Be your best to remain competitive in your field.  This means utilizing continuing education to really learn something and not last-minute cramming to renew your state license.  (Guilty, by the way).
  3. A paper wrote in 2006 (seven years ago) states that "Future Clinical Pharmacy Practitioners Should Be Board-Certified Specialists."  In the past clinical pharmacists have not made board certification a priority, but this is changing rapidly with not only clinical positions but in staff positions.  Clinical faculty and preceptors MUST be board certified, I believe.  As pharmacists move toward the direction of becoming reimbursed professionals for optimizing medications, there will be a trend toward licensing agencies requiring board certification in certain scenarios.  Sure, it is not TODAY, but if you would have asked me in 2000 if I thought the market would be in the shape it is with oversaturation, I would have done things VERY differently in 1999-2002.  Direct patient care IS coming.
  4. The PharmD curriculum is not enough to be able to interact in sync with other healthcare professionals.  Experience in dealing with physicians and their assistance along with board certification will take you to the next level in recommending appropriate treatment.  Placing a new graduate in a clinical position without experience and expecting them to build relationships with clinicians is not the best case scenario for the patient.  Requiring a board certification ensures a higher level of expertise and should be a requirement of all hospitals (in my opinion).  I know, I know.  Not something anyone wants to enforce, but wow!  The benefits in just preparing and studying for the test are immense.
  5. Last, but not least, you should become board certified to give your patients the best care possible.  This was my number one reason.  I remember the day I sat at my desk years ago and realized I had no idea about new guidelines (and even some not-so-new) and that centralized order entry had essentially turned me into a robot at a computer verifying at will, I realized it was time to make some personal changes that would cost me both dollar and more importantly time but result in amazing benefits for my patients.  BCPS.

I hope that you will consider these reasons.  For the most part most people are reluctant because no one wants to fail, much less fail twice.  Yes, it is humbling to fail once, but it is euphoric to pass (even the second time).  Especially for someone like me, I prove you can teach an old dog new tricks.  I hope to inspire more of you to seek to be your best in our profession, stop worrying about your coworkers and if you fail, and realize that any amount of learning that happens will significantly change how you practice pharmacy.

In the future, I am thinking about tackling another certification.  I hope you will, too!

 

BCPS vs CSP | Pharmacist Certifications' Old and New Players

In a world where pharmacists are being created at a much higher rate than years ago, pharmacists (and employers) are seeking out ways to differentiate themselves from the next BSPharm or PharmD down the road.  In a career where experience can be either a pro or a con, certification or board certification has become a new reality and benchmark to separate one pharmacist from another. This is becoming even more popular for those that did not do a residency after  pharmacy school and want to be perceived with the same knowledge as those who did. First, let us begin with the new player on the block:  Certified Specialty Pharmacist (CSP)

The  The SPCB, launched in 2012, is an independent, not-for-profit entity whose sole mission is the certification of professionals who meet specific eligibility requirements and pass a rigorous assessment instrument. The SPCB is independent from any trade or professional association. The SPCB is dedicated to promoting the specialty pharmacist's unique responsibility, maintaining the highest quality standards, and advocating for professional development to ensure that specialty patients receive appropriate care now and in the future. The goal of the CSP program is to assure the general public receives care from qualified, educated, and knowledgeable specialty pharmacists.

This certification is credentialed by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).

Personally, I have never heard of the CSP until the other day.  Here is the handbook if you are interested.  Fairly new, I cannot find how many pharmacists have this today.

 

Second, the Board of Pharmacy Specialties has been around since 1976 as an independent certification agency of APhA.  These certifications from BPS are also accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).  According to their website:

The purpose of the BPS certification programs is:

A. To grant recognition of appropriate pharmacy practice specialties based on criteria established by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties;

B. To establish standards for certification and recertification of pharmacists in recognized pharmacy practice specialties;

C. To grant qualified pharmacists certification and recertification in recognized pharmacy practice specialties;

D. To serve as a coordinating agency and informational clearinghouse for organizations and pharmacists in recognized pharmacy practice specialties; and

E. To enhance public/consumer protection by developing effective certification programs for specialty practices in pharmacy.

The overriding concern of BPS is to ensure that the public receives the level of pharmacy services that will improve a patient's quality of life. Toward this goal, the Board has recognized specialty practice areas.

Here is a link to search for BPS certified pharmacists.  A total of 3,213 pharmacists were either certified or recertified in six specialties including the newest BPS specialty, ambulatory care pharmacy, which pharmacists could become certified in for the first time in 2011. There are now 15,862 BPS Board Certified Pharmacists (5.6% of pharmacists in the workforce), which represents an increase of 22% from 2011.  According to the United States Department of Labor, there are 281,560 pharmacists in the country.

BPS offers certifications in several specialties:

  • Ambulatory Care Pharmacy
  • Critical Care Pharmacy (Fall 2015 exam begins)
  • Nuclear Pharmacy
  • Nutrition Support Pharmacy
  • Oncology Pharmacy
  • Pediatric Pharmacy (Fall 2015 exam begins)
  • Pharmacotherapy (the most popular certification)
  • Psychiatric Pharmacy
  • Added Qualifications (see website for more in-depth information)

 

 

 

Thank You

First of all, thank you to those who have reached out to me via email or on this blog.  It really means a lot to hear similar stories and know that I am not the only one in this phase of pharmacy life.  I am not really sure where the next steps will lead me in the next few years, but I am toying with many ideas as I am sure many of you as well.  The pharmacy market coupled with healthcare changes could make for an interesting set of circumstances to push me into something else entirely, or I could in fact embrace the path I'm on with unforced passion and find my place. I know that running up to the unit on a second shift the other day with a couple of drips to a very sick patient means more to me than sitting behind a screen, keyboard, and phone.  I am a hands-on practitioner at heart, and perhaps pharmacy will evolve that way for many of us though I know many pharmacists are introverts and enjoy doing exactly what they are doing.  I love people and the connection of feeling that I am helping a patient.  It took all I had to leave the drips at bedside and sprint back to the pharmacy and not HELP at bedside.  I am not trained for that, but there are programs out there.  Nurse practitioner?  Physician assistant?  Or maybe helping to change the pharmacy practice to more of a hands-on provider?

From the APhA:

California’s pharmacist provider status bill passes state Senate

We applaud and share in California pharmacists’ efforts on behalf of patient access to their services as the California state Senate approved itspharmacist provider status bill (SB 493) late last week, a significant step in becoming law. The legislation is now with the California State Assembly for consideration. I appreciate the efforts by California Senator Hernandez, an optometrist, in sponsoring and shepherding the passage of SB 493 to help address California’s shortage of primary care services.

The legislation not only expands the scope of practice for pharmacy, but also specifically names pharmacists as providers. SB 493 recognizes pharmacists’ education, training, and abilities as health care providers by expanding the list of services pharmacists can provide in the state.

If signed into law, examples of new authorities for pharmacists in California would include ordering and interpreting tests to monitor and manage the efficacy and toxicity of drug therapies and initiating and administering routine vaccinations.

In a brief note posted on the California Pharmacists Association (CPhA) website, CPhA described months of lobbying and member letter-writing. We join CPhA, the California Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and other groups in celebrating this important step forward, and thank those involved for all their hard work.

For more details on California’s provider status legislation, we’ve just posted a news article on pharmacist.com.

There is hope.  Yes, we do a lot of that now, but being RECOGNIZED is important.  California always leads the way.  Problem is how long will it take to trickle over to the south?  I'm ready.

I enjoy discussing the BCPS certification for many reasons.  If you are reading my blog and wondering if you should take the BCPS, I can answer this for you:  YES.  Let me tell you why (from someone waiting on results and failed it last year):

  • The amount of material studied is extensive.  I cannot say that the time I spent (even this year) was enough.  It is just so much material!  I have not been very disciplined in the past 14 1/2 years of practice.  I have not kept up.  When I graduated, infliximab was a very new drug.  I can tell you that I know more about that drug today than I did in 1999 studying for the boards.  We are supposed to be drug experts.  Anybody can pull up google and look up a drug with or without a pharmacy degree.  We are supposed to understand more about how medications work, their side effects and how they affect people differently.  We are supposed to know exactly WHERE to look in the fastest amount of time and have kept up enough (we owe our patients that) to be able to be a vital member of a healthcare team.  I HAVE FAILED many patients prior to deciding to change how I practice.  I cannot lean on computer programs and reminder pop-ups at the keyboard to remind me about QT interval prolongation.  It is time that all pharmacists invest the same passion they had in pharmacy school to learn and continue well into their career.  Otherwise, you are relying on technology and ANYONE can enter an order.  I was tired of not understanding what I was doing.  My job had to be MORE than just a job.  (This was my rationale at least)  If you spend a considerable amount of time on the material recommended to study, I can promise a whole new world of practice begins to open outside of what a corporate body or computer program will dictate.
  • Guidelines and practices change all the time.  Don't we owe our patients the same scrutiny to keeping up with the most current material?  Isn't it better to know that segment of material between what is readily known and just published?  It is not the nurse or physician's job to know pharmacy as well as the pharmacist.  Not sure I can say a few years ago that was the case.  Today?  I am far more confident regardless of role or what others may say.  I know the guidelines; I know what is coming.  I am choosing to stay current.  (And I still have hobbies!)
  • Healthcare is evolving.  Either keep up, become credentialed in whatever is the most current and respected licensure and watch as others are left behind.  I am not saying BCPS is the end all of knowledge or role.  I am saying that is definitely a step in the right direction to not only take better care of patients, but to also improve the worth of the entire department.  When I hear other pharmacists not want to even try, I can understand the time issue.  I understand the cost issue.  But, what I have gained in the past 18 months is well worth every cent and time spent reading or listening to lectures.  Who knows what the Affordable Healthcare Act is going to bring to all of us?
  • I love a personal challenge, and I do not quit with a fail.  Also, I do not care (as much as I used to) what others think.  I have put myself out there, and I am well aware I could fail again and try for a third time.  Would that make me less of a pharmacist?  She took it three times!  *gasp*

Those are my reasons.  I would like to see all hospital pharmacists seriously attempt the test.  Can  you imagine the amount of knowledge that would improve patient care?

keepcalmyoupassedSo, thanks for validating my journey.  It means A LOT to me.

This is the outline from the BPS website describing the Pharmacotherapy Specialty Certification Examination.

And anyone who took it this year with me, much luck to you and hope the wait goes swiftly and a pass in the mail early December!

What Happens Now? | BCPS 2013 Exam

BCPS 2013 reviesSeriously, I feel as though I am living in a perpetual repeat of 2012.  Sixty days of waiting.  I hear it will be electronic correspondence which would match leaving scantron for computerized, but how long does it take to really tabulate the results if all computerized? Secondly, I have the suspicion the tests were not all the same from pharmacist to pharmacist.  This is just speculation, but how do you control for the chance that someone taking the BCPS exam in September did not share the questions with someone taking it in October? I am happy to be finished, but I am still a bit perplexed as the final score and how I did this time.  It was a different test though I thought I could expect the same questions (at least 80%).  The one microorganism that finds its way there did appear again, for me at least.  And, I was able to recall just about 125 questions/200 questions almost word-for-word.  That in itself does lend Rain Man status (as a friend mentioned in an email) but maybe it also helps me build my hope a bit that I was more invested in each and every question.  I did find wearing earplugs did me wonders.  I think hearing everyone in the room click the mouse on the calculator, proceeding to the next question, and flagging may have added some additional noise in my head.  I slept about 4 hours-5 hours the night before holed up in a hotel room with notebooks, notes, and books spread all over the place.  I bought a 5-hour energy drink, but never used it.

I am not really sure where to go from here as far as the next goal if I don't have to retake it in 2014, but for some weird and strange reason, I wouldn't be devastated if I did not pass again.  It would be a hit to my pride, but I am to the point where if others' opinions (namely coworkers) have influence over my passing and failing, then I am again doing it for the wrong reasons.

I was a little surprised that the survey at the end of the test did not include my reasoning for taking the BCPS exam.  I will not enjoy a pay raise for passing.  I will not have a different schedule or a different role.  What has happened is that I am more personally invested in my patients' care.  I am not just looking at a report and adjusting a drug dose or schedule based solely on one number.  I answered the why with this:  I did it to be a better pharmacist.  Yes, there are no jobs locally.  Yes, there is no monetary reward at work for doing it.  No, we are not encouraged to take the BCPS.  Yes, I AM a better pharmacist and hopefully will be what the test labeled those that have this designation as a pharmacotherapy specialist.

The exam:  Stats, regulations, pharmacoeconomics, study design, IRB (for me at least), but no mention of pseudomonas for this year.  It seemed the test had the usual questions of things that made me think, "what does this have to do with pharmacy???"  I have had some personal emails with the same feedback.  I am not sure after taking it twice that I really think this test measures what I would think needs to be measured to be labeled a pharmacotherapy specialist.  Maybe?  I still think that the complicated cases of patients with comorbidities and others issues would be the way to go.

Anyway, to all my readers who were in the same boat in the past few weeks and now waiting... I hope that the wait is swift though not too swift to miss fall.

The Ever Elusive Regulatory Part of the BCPS

lab
lab

I thought I'd share my regulatory notes for the BCPS Exam 2013.  There were quite a bit of regulatory questions last year.  You know the type, "What does the whatever committee for whatever ensure?"  Um, 'scuse me?

We should know by now what The Joint Commission is.  Organized in the 1950's, it meshes with the Medicare Act in the 1960's.  In other words, to be eligible for Medicare/Medicaid, you must be accredited by TJC.  In the late 1980's, TJC shifted its focus to actual performance.  An independent, not-for-profit organization, The Joint Commission accredits and certifies more than 20,000 health care organizations and programs in the United States. Joint Commission accreditation and certification is recognized nationwide as a symbol of quality that reflects an organization’s commitment to meeting certain performance standards.

National Committee for Quality Assurance (1990) - how health plans are regulated and accreditation of health plans.  The National Committee for Quality Assurance is a private, 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization dedicated to improving health care quality. Since its founding in 1990, NCQA has been a central figure in driving improvement throughout the health care system, helping to elevate the issue of health care quality to the top of the national agenda.

  • Healthcare Effectiveness and Data Information Set (HEDIS) - HEDIS® (The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set) is the gold standard in health care performance measurement, used by more than 90 percent of the nation's health plans and many leading employers and regulators. HEDIS is a set of standardized measures that specifies how organizations collect, audit and report performance information across the most pressing clinical areas, as well as important dimensions of customer satisfaction and patient experience.

National Quality Forum (NQF) -

The National Quality Forum (NQF) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, public service organization committed to this transformation.

NQF reviews, endorses, and recommends use of standardized healthcare performance measures. Performance measures, also called quality measures, are essential tools used to evaluate how well healthcare services are being delivered. NQF's endorsed measures are often invisible at the clinical bedside but quietly influence the care delivered to millions of patients every day. Measures:

  • Make our healthcare system more information rich
  • Point to actions physicians, other clinicians, and organizations can take to make healthcare safe and equitable
  • Enhance transparency in healthcare
  • Ensure accountability of healthcare providers
  • Generate data that helps consumers make informed choices about their care

Working with members and the public, NQF also helps define our national healthcare improvement 'to-do' list, and encourages action and collaboration to accomplish quality improvement goals.

Institute of Medicine's "To Err Is Human" - 44,000-98,000 people die each year as a result of human error.  Systems vs. Individuals.  November 1999 - a good pdf to read.

Institute of Medicine's "Crossing the Quality Chasm" - This report from the committee on the Quality of Health Care in America makes an urgent call for fundamental change to close the quality gap, recommends a redesign of the American health care system, and provides overarching principles for specific direction for policymakers, health care leaders, clinicians, regulators, purchasers, and others.

Core Measures - These are the Core Measures sets.  Core Measures found within this link.

Core Measure Sets

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act - Consumer driven healthcare.  Pay for reporting.  Hospital Inpatient Quality Reporting Program.

Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) - partners with TJC for creation of hospital quality measures.  http://www.qualitynet.org  

TJC announces Shared Visions - New Pathway - The Shared Visions-New Pathways initiative was developed to bridge a gap that has been identified between the current state of health care and care that is safer and of higher quality.[3]The medication management standards that resulted from these efforts were implemented in January 2004 along with the Shared Visions-New Pathways initiative.

Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems - HCAHPS  - assessment of quality of care from a patient's perspective.

Pharmacy Quality Alliance To improve the quality of medication management and use across healthcare settings with the goal of improving patients’ health through a collaborative process to develop and implement performance measures and recognize examples of exceptional pharmacy quality.

Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive program - provides financial incentives for the "meaningful use" of certified EHR technology to improve patient care.  Meaningful Use = Incentives

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - (Obamacare) (Affordable Care Act) The ACA aims to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, lower the uninsured rate by expanding public and private insurance coverage, and reduce the costs of healthcare for individuals and the government. It provides a number of mechanisms—including mandates, subsidies, and insurance exchanges—to increase coverage and affordability.  The law also requires insurance companies to cover all applicants within new minimum standards and offer the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex.  Additional reforms aim to reduce costs and improve healthcare outcomes by shifting the system towards quality over quantity through increased competition, regulation, and incentives to streamline the delivery of healthcare. The Congressional Budget Office projected that the ACA will lower both future deficits and Medicare spending.

Quality Metrics - Quality Net - Established by CMS - improvement news, resources, data reporting Tools

Specifications Manual for National Hospital Inpatient Quality Measures - The Specifications Manual for National Hospital Inpatient Quality Measures includes the measure sets: AMI, HF, PN, SCIP, CAC, VTE and STK.

The aligned manual represents the result of efforts by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the Joint Commission to achieve identity among common national hospital performance measures and to share a single set of common documentation.

HCHPS Survey - 32 questions of random sample of patients 48 hours to 6 weeks after discharge, not just medicare.  Data online lags about 12-18 months on the internet.

Hospital Acquired Conditions defined by CMS:

  • Foreign Object Retained After Surgery
  • Air Embolism
  • Blood Incompatibility
  • Stage III and IV Pressure Ulcers
  • Falls and Trauma
    • Fractures
    • Dislocations
    • Intracranial Injuries
    • Crushing Injuries
    • Burn
    • Other Injuries
    • Manifestations of Poor Glycemic Control
      • Diabetic Ketoacidosis
      • Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma
      • Hypoglycemic Coma
      • Secondary Diabetes with Ketoacidosis
      • Secondary Diabetes with Hyperosmolarity
      • Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
      • Vascular Catheter-Associated Infection
      • Surgical Site Infection, Mediastinitis, Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG):
      • Surgical Site Infection Following Bariatric Surgery for Obesity
        • Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass
        • Gastroenterostomy
        • Laparoscopic Gastric Restrictive Surgery
        • Surgical Site Infection Following Certain Orthopedic Procedures
          • Spine
          • Neck
          • Shoulder
          • Elbow
          • Surgical Site Infection Following Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED)
          • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)/Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Following Certain Orthopedic Procedures:
            • Total Knee Replacement
            • Hip Replacement
            • Iatrogenic Pneumothorax with Venous Catheterization

Claims-Based Measures -

For the quality of care measure sets listed below, CMS uses Medicare enrollment data and Part A and Part B claims data submitted by hospitals for Medicare fee-for-service patients. (Hospitals are not required to submit additional data for the claims-based measures.)

Medicare Hospital Inpatient Value-Based Purchasing Benchmark - 95th percentile -

The HVBP program is designed to promote better clinical outcomes for hospital patients, as well as improve their experience of care during hospital stays. Specifically, Hospital VBP seeks to encourage hospitals to improve the quality and safety of care that Medicare beneficiaries and all patients receive during acute-care inpatient stays by:

  • eliminating or reducing the occurrence of adverse events (healthcare errors resulting in patient harm)
  • adopting evidence-based care standards and protocols that result in the best outcomes for the most patients
  • re-engineering hospital processes that improve patients’ experience of care

Fiscal Years - Federal is Oct through Sept

For FY 2013, the performance period spans three quarters from July 1, 2011 - March 31, 2012.

Achievement Threshold - To measure improvement, CMS will assess how much each hospital’s performance during the performance period changes from its own baseline period performance. CMS will award points to hospitals based on their level of improvement between that baseline score and the benchmark score. CMS will only award points for improvement if a hospital’s performance during the performance period is greater than its performance during the baseline period.  To measure achievement, CMS will assess how much each hospital’s performance during the performance period differs from the performance of all other hospitals during the baseline period. CMS will only award achievement points if a hospital’s performance during the performance period exceeds the 50th percentile of all hospitals’ performance during the baseline period. The 50th percentile is defined by CMS as the “achievement threshold.”

Scoring Based on Achievement

  • 0 to 10 points scored relative to the achievement threshold and the benchmark
  • Thresholds and benchmarks determined from national hospital performance in the prior year

Scoring Based on Improvement

  • 0 to 9 points for improvement based on a hospital improving its score on the measure from its prior year performance

Each domain of measures is initially scored separately, weighting each measure within that domain equally. All domain scores are then aggregated and combined, along with the HCAHPS, with the potential for different weighting by domain.

CMS then weighs and combines each hospital's domain scores to determine the hospital's Total Performance Score:

Total Earned Points = Sum of points earned across all reported measures within each domain Total Possible Points = Number of measures reported by hospital x 10 Total Performance Score = Total Earned Points / Total Possible Points x 100

Finally, CMS translates each hospital's Total Performance Score into an incentive payment using an exchange function.

Clinical Process of Care Measures - Domains

  • Measure ID Measure Description
  • Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
  • AMI-7a Fibrinolytic Therapy Received Within 30 Minutes of Hospital Arrival
  • AMI-8a Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Received Within 90 Minutes of
  • Hospital Arrival
  • Heart Failure (HF)
  • HF-1 Discharge Instructions
  • Pneumonia (PN)
  • PN-3b Blood Cultures Performed in the Emergency Department Prior to Initial Antibiotic
  • Received in Hospital
  • PN-6 Initial Antibiotic Selection for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in
  • Immunocompetent Patient
  • Healthcare-associated Infections (SCIP = Surgical Care Improvement Project)
  • SCIP-Inf-1 Prophylactic Antibiotic Received Within One Hour Prior to Surgical Incision
  • SCIP-Inf-2 Prophylactic Antibiotic Selection for Surgical Patients
  • SCIP-Inf-3 Prophylactic Antibiotics Discontinued Within 24 Hours After Surgery End Time
  • SCIP-Inf-4 Cardiac Surgery Patients with Controlled 6:00 a.m. Postoperative Serum Glucose
  • Surgeries
  • SCIP-Card-2 Surgery Patients on a Beta Blocker Prior to Arrival That Received a Beta Blocker
  • During the Perioperative Period
  • SCIP-VTE-1 Surgery Patients with Recommended Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
  • Prophylaxis Ordered
  • SCIP-VTE-2 Surgery Patients Who Received Appropriate Venous Thromboembolism
  • Prophylaxis Within 24 Hours Prior to Surgery to 24 Hours After Surgery
  • Survey Measures
  • Measure ID Measure Description
  • HCAHPS Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey

For FY 2014, CMS also adopted the following measures into the Outcome domain: • Three mortality outcomes measures, covering acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and pneumonia (PN).

Payment withhold applies to base operating diagnosis-related group (DRG) payment.

Payment directly proportional to total performance score.

Payments at risk: 10/1/16 up to 6% total payments at risk!

Medication Safety - adverse drug event, adverse drug reactions, and med errors

  • ME > ADE > ADR
  • adverse drug event - an actual injury has to result
  • adverse drug reaction - unintended, nonpreventable event
  • medication errors - preventable, result in harm < 1% of the time

ADE/ADR Medication Error Reporting

Trigger Tools - Institute for Healtcare Improvement - Small percentage of adverse effects (AE) voluntarily reported.

Iceberg model; swiss cheese model

  • active errors
  • latent errors
  • skill-based
  • rule-based
  • knowledge-based

Just Culture/Non-Punitive Culture

  • Punitive Culture (person approach) - places blame on person and ignores system.  Discourages reporting.
  • Non-Punitive Culture (system approach) - places blame on system.  Perceived as too lax.  Inconsistent and lack of consequences.  Often misunderstood.
  • Just Culture - combined/balanced of the two.  Includes a focus on behavioral choices, now the best practice but difficult to implement.

Duties of a healthcare provider is to follow policies and procedures that exist and to avoid risky behavior.

Formulary Management

  • Medication Use Policies
  • Ancillary Drug Info
  • Decision-Support Tools
  • Organizational Guidelines

What is required:  TJC Medication Management Standard

  • Indication for use
  • Effectiveness
  • Drug interactions
  • Potential error abuse
  • ADE
  • Sentinel event advise
  • Other risks
  • Costs

What is required:  CMS Conditions of Participation

  • Indications for use
  • Effectiveness
  • Risks
  • Costs

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

USP Chapter <797> -

Briefly, dating in the absence of Direct Sterility Testing Results

Risk category:

  • Immediate use - Room Temp (RT) 1 hour, Refrig/Cold 1 hour, Frozen n/a
  • Low-risk - RT 48 hours, Cold 14 days, Frozen 45 days
  • Low-risk w/12-hour beyond use date - RT 12 hours, Cold 12 hours, Frozen n/a
  • Medium risk - RT 30 hours, Cold 9 days, Frozen 45 days
  • High-risk - RT 24 hours, Cold 3 days, Frozen 45 days

**also look at stability of medication and choose the earliest date/time

USP Chapter <795> Pharmaceutical Compounding—Nonsterile Preparations: This General Chapter provides guidance on applying good compounding practices in the preparation of nonsterile compounded formulations for dispensing and/or administration to humans or animals. The latest revision which became official May 1, 2011 includes categories of compounding (simple, moderate, and complex); definitions for terms (e.g., beyond-use date, hazardous drug, stability); and criteria for compounding each drug preparation (e.g., suitable compounding environment, use of appropriate equipment).

  • Nonaqueous Formuloation - 6 mos or earliest exp of each active ingredient
  • H20 containing oral formulations - not later than 14 days when stored at controlled cold temps
  • H20 containing topical/dermal and mucosal liquid and semisolid formulations - not later than 30 days

USP Chapter <1146> Repackaging Unit Doses - oral

  • One year or earlier if expires earlier than 1 year
  • Records of temperature where stored

Tracer methodology - TJC - using pt's medical record as a road map to move through the organization.  The Joint Commission’s on-site survey process includes tracer methodology. Tracer methodology is an evaluation method in which surveyors select a patient, resident or client and use that individual’s record as a roadmap to move through an organization to assess and evaluate the organization’s compliance with selected standards and the organization’s systems of providing  care and services. Surveyors retrace the specific care processes that an individual experienced by observing and talking to staff in areas that the individual received care. As surveyors follow the course of a patient’s, resident’s or client’s treatment, they assess the health care organization’s compliance with Joint Commission standards. They conduct this compliance assessment as they review the organization’s systems for delivering safe, quality health care.

National Patient Safety Goals:

  • Before a procedure, label medicines that are not labeled. For example, medicines in syringes, cups and basins. Do this in the area where medicines and supplies are set up.
  • Take extra care with patients who take medicines to thin their blood.
  • Record and pass along correct information about a patient’s medicines. Find out what medicines the patient is taking. Compare those medicines to new medicines given to the patient. Make sure the patient knows which medicines to take when they are at home. Tell the patient it is important to bring their up-to-date list of medicines every time they visit a doctor.
  • Improve staff communication.  Get important test results to the right staff person on time.
  • Identify patients correctly.  Use at least two ways to identify patients. For example, use the patient’s name and date of birth.  This is done to make sure that each patient gets the correct medicine and treatment.
  • Hand hygiene and contact precautions
  • Anticoagulation - pt education

Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951 - Explicitly defined two specific categories for medications, legend (prescription) and over-the-counter (OTC). This amendment was co-sponsored by former vice president and senator Hubert H. Humphrey Jr., who was a pharmacist in South Dakota before beginning his political career.  The other sponsor of this amendment was Carl Durham, a pharmacist representing North Carolina in the House of Representatives.

The bill requires any drug that is habit-forming or potentially harmful to be dispensed under the supervision of a health practitioner as a prescription drug and must carry the statement, "Caution: Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription."

Until this law, there was no requirement that any drug be labeled for sale by prescription only. The amendment defined prescription drugs as those unsafe for self-medication and which should therefore be used only under a doctor's supervision.

Legend drugs can only be dispensed with direct medical supervision whereas OTC drugs can be purchased and used without a prescription. This law also legalized verbal transmission of prescriptions and provided for the legal right of a pharmacist to refill prescriptions as indicated in a provider's initial prescription.

Drug Importation Act of 1848 - requires U.S. Customs inspection to stop entry of adulterated drugs from overseas. Note the strict construction of the Federal Government's involvement in interstate commerce.

The Biologics Control Act of 1902 -  is passed to insure purity and safety of serums, vaccines, and similar products used to prevent or treat diseases in humans. In 1970, regulation of biologics is transferred to the FDA.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 - prohibits interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks and drugs. The Department of Agriculture is authorized to seize unsafe substances and prosecute violators. Note that in the good old days, "misbranded" meant that the label did not accurately describe the contents, and "adulterated" meant that the claimed ingredients had been diluted, (as flour might be diluted by pea meal). The intent of the act was to provide penalties for consumer fraud and to prevent injury and death from poisons.

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 - replaces the 1906 act. It contains new provisions extending control to cosmetics and therapeutic devices; requiring new drugs to be shown safe before marketing--starting a new system of drug regulation; eliminating the pesky Sherley Amendment requirement that intent to defraud must be proved in drug misbranding cases; providing that safe tolerances be set for unavoidable poisonous substances; authorizing factory inspections; and adding the remedy of court injunctions to the previous penalties of seizures and prosecutions.

Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962 - to ensure greater drug safety.  For the first time, drug manufacturers are required to prove to FDA the effectiveness of their products before marketing them. Demonstrate efficacy and safety.  Informed consent for research participants.  FDA regulates advertising of prescription drugs and establish good manufacturing practices.

Orphan Drug Act of 1983 - enables FDA to speed up and streamline approval and marketing of drugs needed for treating rare diseases, which otherwise would not be profitable.  (pt population <200,000)

Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) - requires drug and biologics manufacturers to pay fees for drug and biologics applications and supplements. In addition, these firms must pay an annual establishment fee and annual product fees. FDA will use these funds to hire more reviewers to assess applications.  Renewed every five years '92, '97, '02, '07, '12, etc...

Dietary Supplemental Health and Education Act of 1994 - establishes specific labeling requirements, provides a regulatory framework, and authorizes FDA to promulgate good manufacturing practice regulations for "dietary supplements" and "dietary ingredients" and classifies them as food. The act also establishes a commission to recommend how to regulate label claims.

FDA Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) or PDUFA 2012 - drug shortage - drug manufacturers must notify FDA at least 6 months prior to d/c or interruption of certain meds or as soon as practicable.

Other PDUFAs: REMS or other changes in practices

Investigational New Drug Application - Emergent Use, Rare Disease, ...

FDA Drug Approval (which application is appropriate)

  • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) - regulates prescription and nonprescription drugs
  • New Drug Application (NDA) - vehicle through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing
  • Abbreviated new Drug Application (ANDA) - contains data for the review/approval of a generic drug product
  • Investigational New Drug (IND) - three types: investigator (trial), emergency use, treatment
  • Biologics Licensing Application (BLA) - biologics (monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, immunomodulators, growth factors, and cytokines) seeking approval to market

Therapeutically Equivalent (TE) - Orange Book

  • Pharmaceutically Equivalent
  • Bioequivalent

Hazardous Drugs

  • OSHA
  • NIOSH
  • Am Society of Health-System Pharmacists
  • University of Health System Consortium Pharmacy Council

Outcomes Assessment - structure process outcome model

Aredis Donebedian - outcomes research

Intangible costs - economic

Economic, Clinical, and Humanistic Outcomes (ECHO)

  • Economic - direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared with the consequences of medical treatment alternatives (drug/supplies, lost productivity, pain, add'l cost from alt strategy, etc..)
  • Clinical - medical events that occur as a result of disease or treatment
  • Humanistic - consequences of disease or treatment on patient functional status, or quality of life, measured along several dimensions e.g, physical functioning, general health perceptions, and well-being.
  • Cost of Illness (COI) - identifying all the direct and indirect costs of a particular disease or illness within a health care system
  • Cost-minimization Analysis (CMA) - compares the costs of two or more treatment alternatives that have a demonstrated equivalence in therapeutic outcome
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) - method to compare treatment alternatives, or programs where cost is measured in monetary terms and consequences in units of effectiveness.
  • Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) - to compare the costs and benefits of treatment alternatives or programs; costs and benefits expressed in monetary terms.
  • Cost Utility Analysis (CUA) - the costs of a treatment alternative are expressed in monetary terms and outcomes or consequences are expressed in terms of patient preference or quality adjusted life years.

Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Systems (REMS) - meds that the FDA didn't approve to put on the market balancing risk/benefit w/harm.

  • Thalidomide
  • Isotretinoin
  • Vigabatrin

FDA Amendment Act of 2007 (PDUFA IV) - The FDA requested and received fee increases to cover increased reviewer workload and expanded post-marketing safety initiatives, as well as the authority to apply user fees to the monitoring of direct-to-consumer drug advertising.President Bush signed the reauthorization of PDUFA into law on 27 September 2007. In 2007, the FDA was expected to collect $259,300,000 in industry user fees.

Belmont Report - National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research - ethical trial.

  • Respect for Persons - people treated as autonomous agents, people w/diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
  • Beneficence - first do no harm.  Maximize possible benefits/minimize possible harms
  • Justice - distribution of burdens and benefits (targeting specific populations)

Informed Consent - information, comprehension, voluntaries, assessment of risk/benefit, selection of subjects

HIPAA - 1996 - minimum necessary

Institutional Review Board (IRB) "generalized knowledge"

Full Review

Expedited Review - research may not involve more than "minimal risks"

Exemption status - public office holders don't have an informed consent

Advance Directives - Living Will, Durable POA

Adult Child Protection - Maltreatment, Regs/Laws

Quality Improvement - PDCA

  • Process that needs improvement
  • Organize a team that knows the process
  • Clarify knowledge through flow charting or data collection
  • Uncover underlying causes of variation or poor quality
  • Select a single modification

Lean - delivering value to the customer w/minimal waste.  Terminology: process, value, customer, waste, value stream, flow, pull, perfection

Root Cause Analysis - Sentinal Event

Public Health Initiatives - health literacy - only 12% adults can interpret a prescription label.

The Orange Book - approved drug products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations

Drug Information (FDA) - see this list?  I'm familiar.

More Drug Information:

US Drug Information

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International Drug Information

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Organizations
These notes were compiled from many sources!

Acid-Base Help

The Bird's Eye-View, Two Components:

Lungs

Respiratory: When breathing is inadequate carbon dioxide (respiratory acid) accumulates. The extra CO2 molecules combine with water to form carbonic acid which contributes to an acid pH. The treatment, if all else fails, is to lower the PCO2 by breathing for the patient using a ventilator.

Kidney

Metabolic When normal metabolism is impaired - acid forms, e.g., poor blood supply stops oxidative metabolism and lactic acid forms. This acid is not respiratory so, by definition, it is "metabolic acid." If severe, the patient may be in shock and require treatment, possibly by neutralizing this excess acid with bicarbonate, possibly by allowing time for excretion/metabolism.

Six Sentences

That's it! The whole of acid-base balance in six sentences. As you explore this site, keep this bird's eye-view in mind. We will also have to deal with low levels of metabolic and respiratory acid (alkalosis) - but this initial overview helps to keep the subject in focus.

Check if pH is less than 7.4, which means acidosis

Check if PCO2 is less than <40mmgh, if it is below 40 than you likely have a metabolic acidosis (if it is greater than 40mmgh you probably have respiratory acidosis)

Check the anion gap (Sodium - (Chloride+Bicarb) . If that value is between 8-12, then it is a non-anion gap acidosis. If the gap is >12 then there is a anion gap. Some people use 16 instead of 12 as the cut-off point. So if sodium was 140mEq, chloride was 100 and bicarb was 30, then the anion gap would be 10. 10 falls in the rage of 8-12, therefore you have a non-anion gap acidosis.

Diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis and hyperchloemia can cause non-anion gapped acidosis. Those are the big 3 I've seen.

MUDPILES (methanol, uremia, DKA....) cause anion gapped acidosis